DIETHYLSULFATE
CASRN: 64-67-5 For other data, click on the Table of Contents
Best
Sections
Major Uses : The principal uses are as an intermediate in dye
manufacture, as an ethylating agent in pigment production, as
a finishing agent in textile manufacture and as a dye-set agent
in carbonless paper. Smaller applications are
in agricultural
chemicals, in household products, in the pharmaceutical and
cosmetic industries, as a laboratory reagent, as an accelerator
in the sulfation of ethylene and in some sulfonation processes.
[IARC; Occupational Exposures to Mists and Vapours from
Strong Inorganic Acids; and Other Industrial Chemicals.
54: 213-28 (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Preventive Measures : SRP: The scientific literature for the use
of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or
detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not
only upon the substance, but also on factors including the
form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the
exposure, the uses of other eye protection
equipment, and
the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual
substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are
such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful
to the eye. In those specific cases, contact
lenses should
not be worn. In any event, the usual eye
protection
equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.
TSCA Test Submissions:
The dermal carcinogenicity of diethyl sulfate was evaluated in a
group of 40 C3H/HeJ male mice painted 3 times/week for their lifespan
on the skin of the back, with undiluted diethyl sulfate at an average
dose of 0.0074 g/mouse/application. A negative control group of 40
animals was exposed to 0.0126 g acetone/mouse/application in the same
manner as the treated group. All the treated mice were dead after 23
months of the study, 11 after 18 months, and 27 after one year. The
first skin neoplasm was observed after 12 months of treatment, with a
total of 21 animals developing malignant skin neoplasms. The total
cancer incidence was 87.5% and the median latent periods for appearance
of neoplasms and cancer were 15.7 and 16.2 months, respectively. No skin
tumors were observed in the control group. [Carnegie-Mellon
Institute of Research; Final Reports: Evaluation of the Dermal
Carcinogenic Potential of Diethyl Sulfate (and) Diethyl Sulfate In Vitro
Mutagenesis Studies: 3 Test Battery with cover letter. (1979), EPA
Document No. 88-8400608, Fiche No. OTS0509703 ]**PEER REVIEWED**
The mutagenicity of diethyl sulfate was evaluated in the Chinese Hamster
Ovary (CHO) Mutation test, both in the presence and absence of added
metabolic activation by Aroclor-induced rat liver S9 fraction. Based on
the results of preliminary toxicity determinations, diethyl sulfate,
diluted with DMSO, was tested for mutagenicity at ranges of
concentrations of 2.5-40x10(-3)% and 5-80x10(-3)% (v/v in DMSO) in the
presence and absence of activation, respectively. All concentrations of
diethyl sulfate tested caused a positive response in the tests both with
and without activation.
[Bushy Run Research Center, Union Carbide Corp.; In Vitro Mutagenesis
Studies: 3-Test Battery. (1980), EPA Document No. FYI-OTS-1083-0271, Fiche
No. OTS0000271-0 ]**PEER REVIEWED**
The ability of diethyl sulfate to induce sister chromatid exchanges (SCE)
in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was evaluated in the absence of added
metabolic activation. Based on preliminary toxicity tests, diethyl
sulfate, diluted with DMSO, was tested at concentrations of 0, 0.00125,
0.0025, 0.0050, 0.010 or 0.020 % (v/v). A total of 15 cells/dose level
were examined in all but the highest dose level tested since this dose
level was toxic to the cells. There were statistically significant
increases observed in the numbers of SCE/cell and SCE/chromosome relative
to negative controls at concentrations of 0.0050 and 0.010% (p < 0.001,
Student's t-test). A positive dose-response relationship was observed.
[Bushy Run Research Center, Union Carbide Corp.; Diethyl Sulfate, In Vitro
Mutagenicity Studies: 3-Test Battery. (1980), EPA Document No.
FYI-OTS-1083-0271, Fiche No. OTS0000271-0 ]**PEER REVIEWED**
The ability of diethyl sulfate to cause an increase in unscheduled DNA
synthesis in rat liver cells was evaluated. Based on preliminary toxicity
tests, diethyl sulfate, diluted in DMSO, was tested at concentrations of
0, 0.0001, 0.001, 0.003, 0.010, 0.030 or 0.100% (v/v). Cells were treated
with test article for 2 hrs. Statistically significant increases in DNA
synthesis relative to negative controls were observed at all tested
concentrations using both values for radioactivity incorporation into
either nuclei or DNA (p < 0.05 for concentrations of 0.001 and 0.100% and
p < 0.001 for the remaining concentrations). A linear dose-response
pattern was not observed although the cumulative responses observed over a
wide range of concentrations suggested a significant biological effect.
[Bushy Run Research Center, Union Carbide Corp.; Diethyl Sulfate, In Vitro
Mutagenesis Studies: 3-Test Battery. (1980), EPA Document No.
FYI-OTS-1083-0271, Fiche No. OTS0000271-0]**PEER REVIEWED**
http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~HqHIDr:1
DIISOPROPYLBIPHENYL
CASRN: 36876-13-8
For other data, click on the Table of Contents
Best Sections
Major Uses : PG and MPG formulations are used as solvents in the
manufacture of carbonless copy paper.
[ITC/USEPA; Information Review #357 (Draft) Isopropylbiphenyls p.4
(1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Range of Toxicity:
A) TLV-TWA - 0.2 parts per million (1.5 milligrams/cubic
meter).
DIISOPROPYLBIPHENYLCASRN: 36876-13-8For other data, click on the Table of
ContentsHuman Health Effects: Probable Routes of Human Exposure: Workers
were exposed to an diisopropylbiphenyl mixture, Sure Sol-250, for over 3
years in a capacitor-manufacturing plant through the inhalation of this
mixture(1). Air samples taken from the breathing zone of Sure Sol-250
exposed workers contained di- and tri-isopropylbiphenyl concentrations
from 0.02 to 0.05 mg/cu m(1).[(1) Krampl V et al; Sci Total Environ 101:
135-38 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**Clinical Effects: 0.2.1 SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) Biphenyl is an irritant of the eyes, nose, throat,
mucous membranes and respiratory tract. Biphenyl is a
powerful lung irritant by inhalation. Repeated dermal
contact can result in sensitization dermatitis. Eye
exposure produces redness and pain.
B) Effects reported after acute exposure include cough,
headache, flaccid paralysis, anorexia, nausea, vomiting
or diarrhea, bronchitis, insomnia, depression, memory
loss, facial paralysis, vertigo, numbness and aching of
the extremities and fatigue.
C) Acute and chronic exposure result in central and
peripheral nerve damage and severe liver injury.
D) Chronic exposure produces symptoms of fatigue,
headaches, tremor, insomnia, sensory impairment and
mood changes; these occur rarely.
E) Animal studies have shown central nervous system depression,
paralysis and convulsions as well as kidney damage.
0.2.1.2 CHRONIC EXPOSURE
A) Workers exposed to high vapor concentrations over time
have reported peripheral and CNS effects. Liver and
kidney injury was also reported.
B) Chronic human exposure is characterized by fatigue,
headache, tremor, insomnia, sensory impairment, and
mood changes, accompanied by clinical findings of
cardiac or hepatic impairment, irregularities of the
peripheral and central nervous systems, and possibly
some brain lesions.
C) Repeated skin contact may produce sensitization or
dermatitis.
0.2.4 HEENT
0.2.4.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) Eye and mucous membrane irritation may occur.
0.2.6 RESPIRATORY
0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) Respiratory tract irritation and bronchitis have been
reported.
0.2.7 NEUROLOGIC
0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) Headache, fatigue, numbness, and aching limbs have
occurred in workers.
B) Peripheral and central nerve damage may occur.
0.2.8 GASTROINTESTINAL
0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) Nausea, diffuse pain, and indigestion have been
reported in workers with prolonged exposure to
biphenyl.
0.2.9 HEPATIC
0.2.9.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) Hepatic necrosis and liver atrophy have been reported
following long-term exposure.
0.2.10 GENITOURINARY
0.2.10.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) Kidney injury may occur.
0.2.14 DERMATOLOGIC
0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) Percutaneous absorption through intact skin has been
noted.
0.2.19 IMMUNOLOGIC
0.2.19.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) A possible allergic response producing local necrosis
following intradermal injection has occurred in guinea
pigs.
0.2.21 CARCINOGENICITY
0.2.21.1 IARC CATEGORY
A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS92-52-4 (IARC,
2004):
1) IARC Classification
a) Listed as: Biphenyl
b) Carcinogen Rating: 2A
1) The agent (mixture) is probably carcinogenic to
humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures
that are probably carcinogenic to humans. This
category is used when there is limited evidence of
carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of
carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some
cases, an agent (mixture) may be classified in this
category when there is inadequate evidence of
carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of
carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong
evidence that the carcinogenesis is mediated by a
mechanism that also operates in humans.
Exceptionally, an agent, mixture or exposure
circumstance may be classified in this category
solely on the basis of limited evidence of
carcinogenicity in humans. Laboratory: A) Monitor kidney and liver
function. Diisopropylbiphenyl's production and use in Sure Sol-250, sold
as dielectric fluid for capacitors may result in its release to the
environment through various waste streams. If released to the atmosphere,
diisopropylbiphenyl will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in
the ambient atmosphere, based on an estimated vapor pressure of 7.4X10-5
mm Hg at 25 deg C. Vapor-phasediisopropylbiphenyl is degraded in the
atmosphere by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals
with a half-life of about1 to 2 days. Particulate-phase
diisopropylbiphenyl may be physicallyremoved from the air by dry
deposition. An estimated Koc of 160,000suggests that diisopropylbiphenyl
will be immobile in soil. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces may
occur based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.2X10-3 atm-cu m/mol
but is not expected to be significant from dry soil surfaces based on
diisopropylbiphenyl's vapor pressure. Diisopropylbiphenyl is expectedto
adsorb to suspended matter in the water based on its estimated Koc value.
This compound should volatilize from water surfaces given its estimated
Henry's Law constant. Estimated half-lives for a model river and model
lake are 5 hours and 6 days, respectively. An estimated BCF value of
69,000 suggests that bioconcentration of diisopropylbiphenyl will be very
high in aquatic organisms. Occupational exposure may occur through the
inhalation of contaminated air. (SRC) **PEER REVIEWED** Probable Routes of
Human Exposure: Workers were exposed to an diisopropylbiphenyl mixture,
Sure Sol-250,for over 3 years in a capacitor-manufacturing plant through
the inhalation of this mixture(1). Air samples taken from the breathing
zone of Sure Sol-250 exposed workers contained di- and tri-isopropylbiphenyl
concentrations from 0.02 to 0.05 mg/cu m(1). [(1) Krampl V et al; Sci
Total Environ 101: 135-38 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED** Artificial Pollution
Sources: Improper disposal of capacitors, accidental leaks, disposal of
pressure sensitive copy paper in landfills. [ITC/USEPA; Information Review
#357 (Draft) Isopropylbiphenyls p.18 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Diisopropylbiphenyl's production and use in Sure Sol-250, sold as
dielectric fluid for capacitors(1) may result in its release to the
environment through various waste streams(SRC). [(1) Krampl V et al; Sci
Total Environ 101: 135-38 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED** AQUATIC FATE: Based on
a recommended classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of
160,000(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates
that diisopropylbiphenyl should adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in
water(SRC). Diisopropylbiphenyl may volatilize from water surfaces based
on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.2X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC),
developed using a fragment constant estimation method(3). Estimated
half-lives for a model river and model lake are 5 hours and 6 days,
respectively(1,SRC). An estimated BCF value of 69000(1,SRC), from an
estimated log Kow(4,SRC), suggests that bioconcentration of
diisopropylbiphenyl will be very high in aquatic organisms(SRC), according
to a recommended classification scheme(5). [(1) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook
of Chemical Property Estimation Methods.Washington DC: Amer Chem Soc pp.
5-4, 5-10, 15-1 to 15-29 (1990) (2) Meylan WM et al; Environ Sci Technol
28: 459-65 (1992) (3) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Environ Toxicol Chem 10:
1283-93 (1991) (4) Meylan WM, Howard PH; J Pharm Sci 84: 83-92 (1995) (5)
Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Manufacturing/Use Information: PG and MPG formulations are used as
solvents in the manufacture of carbonless copy paper. [ITC/USEPA;
Information Review #357 (Draft) Isopropylbiphenyls p.4 (1983)]**PEER
REVIEWED** CG and SURE SOL 250 formulations are used as dielectric fluid
in capacitors as a PCB replacement. [ITC/USEPA; Information Review #357
(Draft) Isopropylbiphenyls p.4 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**Koch Refining
Company, P.O. Box 2256, Wichita, KS 67201 (316)832-5500.Corpus Christi
Specialty Chemical Group, P.O. Box 2608, Corpus Christi, TX 78403
(512)242-8350. Production Site: Corpus Christi, TX 78403
/4,4'-Diisopropylbiphenyl/ [SRI. 1995 Directory of Chemical
Producers-United States of America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International,
1995 553]**PEER REVIEWED Methods of Manufacturing: Side product formed in
the Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction to manufacture isopropylbiphenyl.
[ITC/USEPA; Information Review #357 (Draft) Isopropylbiphenyls p.3
(1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**
ISOPROPYLBIPHENYLCASRN: 25640-78-2For other data, click on the Table of
ContentsBest SectionsHuman Toxicity Excerpts : Conclusions of 5 papers on
the subject: Studies in 80 office workersindicated only eye and
respiratory tract irritation caused by carbonless copy paper (CCP). Papers
treated with desensitizing ink were statistically associated with skin
irritation. 273 paper sampleswere studied, 190 of which were carbonless.
Paper containing monoisopropylbiphenyl was most often associated with
symptoms. Again, CPP treated with desentizing ink were associated with
skin irritation. Environmental conditions were studied. No correlations
were found between airborne solvent concentrations from CPP and the
occurrence of irritative symptoms. Formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde and the
organic solvents in which the color formers are dissolved were studied
under standard contitions. The emission of aldehydes from CPP is too low
to cause the irritative symptoms. The highest emission wasof kerosene,
which could not be related to the symptoms. ... [Norback D et al;
Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen, Publikationsservice, 171 84Solna, Sweeden 80 pp.
(1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**Human Toxicity Excerpts : Complaints of an
unpleasent smell, headaches, irritation, fatigue andredness of the face
and eyes were reported in 9 out of 13 female office workers handling
self-copying paper forms. The smell was attributed to the release of
isopropylbiphenyl solvent. [Levy F, Hanoa R; Self-Copying Paper. A Cause
of Health Complaints? Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 102 (7): 435, 42-44
(1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**Major Uses : In carbonless-copy paper systems,
replaces PCBs in capacitors, heat transfer fluid. [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.).
Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van
Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993 1114]**PEER REVIEWED**Major Uses : PG and MPG
formulations are used as solvents in the manufacture of carbonless copy
paper. [ITC/USEPA; Information Review #357 (Draft) Isopropylbiphenyls p.4
(1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary :
Isopropylbiphenyl's production and use in carbonless-copy paper systems,
in heat transfer fluid, and as a replacement for PCBs in capacitors may
result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If
released to the atmosphere, isopropylbiphenyl will exist in both the vapor
and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere based on a measured vapor
pressure of 5.0X10-4 mm Hg at 25 deg C. Vapor-phase isopropylbiphenyl is
degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically produced
hydroxyl radicals with a half-life of about 40 hours. Particulate-phase
isopropylbiphenyl may be physically removed from the air by dry
deposition. An estimated Koc of 16,000 suggests that isopropylbiphenyl
will be immobile in soil. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces may
occur based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.1X10-4 atm-cu m/mol,
but not significantly from dry soil surfaces given isopropylbiphenyl's
vapor pressure. Based on limited data, isopropylbiphenyl may aerobically
biodegrade in soil and water.More than 80% of the added isopropylbiphenyl
biodegraded within 48 hours using sediment-water samples in the River
Die-Away Test. In sewage sludge tests, isopropylbiphenyl was biodegraded
60% in 24 hours and completely biodegraded within one week.
Isopropylbiphenyl may adsorb to suspended matter in the water based on its
estimated Koc value. This compound is expected to volatilize from water
surfaces given its estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated half-lives
for a model river and model lake are 10 hours and 7 days, respectively. An
estimated BCF value of 5300 suggests that bioconcentration of
isopropylbiphenyl will be very high in aquatic organisms. Occupational
exposure to isopropylbiphenyl may occurduring its production or use mainly
as a heat transfer fluid. (SRC) **PEER REVIEWED**Artificial Pollution
Sources : Isopropylbiphenyl's production and use in carbonless-copy paper
systems, in heat transfer fluid, and as a replacement for PCBs in
capacitors(1) may result in its release to the environment through various
waste streams(SRC). [(1) Lewis RJ; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary.
12th ed. NY,NY:Van Nostrand Reinhold Co p 1114 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**TSCA
Test Submissions : Acute oral toxicity was evaluated in groups of 1 male
and 1 female New Zealand albino rabbits administered single doses of
undiluted isopropylbiphenyl by oral gavage at levels of 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0
g/kg body weight. Mortality was observed in 1 animal in the 4.0 g/kg dose
group, and in all animals in the 8.0 g/kg dose group; the MLD(minimum
lethal dose) was calculated to be 4.00 g/kg. No abnormal clinical
observations were observed. Gross necropsy of animals whichdied showed
severe hematuria, chemical burns of the stomach mucosa and evidence of
gastric hemorrhage. Gross necropsy of sacrificed animals showed severe
erosion of the stomach mucosa.[Scientific Associates, Inc.; Acute Oral
Toxicity (MLD) in Rabbits (1974), EPA Document No. 40-7490110, Fiche No.
OTS0505661]**UNREVIEWED**TSCA Test Submissions : Probable Routes of Human
Exposure: NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that
941 workers (44 of these are female) are potentially exposed to
isopropylbiphenyl in the USA(1). [(1) NIOSH; National Occupational
Exposure Survey (NOES) (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Human Toxicity Excerpts:
Complaints of an unpleasent smell, headaches, irritation, fatigue and
redness of the face and eyes were reported in 9 out of 13 female office
workers handling self-copying paper forms. The smell was attributed to the
release of isopropylbiphenyl solvent.
Conclusions of 5 papers on the subject: Studies in 80 office workers
indicated only eye and respiratory tract irritation caused by carbonless
copy paper (CCP). Papers treated with desensitizing ink were statistically
associated with skin irritation. 273 paper samples were studied, 190 of
which were carbonless. Paper containing monoisopropylbiphenyl was most
often associated with symptoms. Again, CPP treated with desentizing ink
were associated with skin irritation. Environmental conditions were
studied. No correlations were found between airborne solvent
concentrations from CPP and the occurrence of irritative symptoms.
Formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde and the organic solvents in which the color
formers are dissolved were studied under standard contitions. The emission
of aldehydes from CPP is too low to cause the irritative symptoms. The
highest emission was of kerosene, which could not be related to the
symptoms. ...
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
Mild irritant on abraded skin, slight irritant on intact skin. /SURE
SOL 250, 6% di- and triisopropyl/
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 941
workers (44 of these are female) are potentially exposed to
isopropylbiphenyl in the USA(1).
Emergency Medical Treatment:
Emergency Medical Treatment:
EMT Copyright Disclaimer:
Portions of the POISINDEX(R) database are provided
here for general reference. THE COMPLETE POISINDEX(R) DATABASE,
AVAILABLE FROM MICROMEDEX, SHOULD BE CONSULTED FOR ASSISTANCE IN THE
DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC CASES. Copyright 1974-1998
Micromedex, Inc. Denver, Colorado. All Rights Reserved. Any
duplication, replication or redistribution of all or part of the
POISINDEX(R) database is a violation of Micromedex' copyrights and is
strictly prohibited.
The following Overview, *** BIPHENYL ***, is relevant for this HSDB
record chemical.
Life Support:
o This overview assumes that basic life support measures
have been instituted.
Clinical Effects:
SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Biphenyl is an irritant of the eyes, nose, throat,
mucous membranes and respiratory tract. Biphenyl is a
powerful lung irritant by inhalation. Repeated dermal
contact can result in sensitization dermatitis. Eye
exposure produces redness and pain.
o Effects reported after acute exposure include cough,
headache, flaccid paralysis, anorexia, nausea, vomiting
or diarrhea, bronchitis, insomnia, depression, memory
loss, facial paralysis, vertigo, numbness and aching of
the extremities and fatigue.
o Acute and chronic exposure result in central and
peripheral nerve damage and severe liver injury.
o Chronic exposure produces symptoms of fatigue,
headaches, tremor, insomnia, sensory impairment and
mood changes; these occur rarely.
o Animal studies have shown central nervous system
depression, paralysis and convulsions, as well as
kidney damage.
0.2.1.2 CHRONIC EXPOSURE
o Workers exposed to high vapor concentrations over time
have reported peripheral and CNS effects. Liver and
kidney injury was also reported.
o Chronic human exposure is characterized by fatigue,
headache, tremor, insomnia, sensory impairment, and
mood changes, accompanied by clinical findings of
cardiac or hepatic impairment, irregularities of the
peripheral and central nervous systems, and possibly
some brain lesions.
o Repeated skin contact may produce sensitization or
dermatitis.
HEENT
0.2.4.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Eye and mucous membrane irritation may occur.
RESPIRATORY
0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Respiratory tract irritation and bronchitis have been
reported.
NEUROLOGIC
0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Headache, fatigue, numbness, and aching limbs have
occurred in workers.
o Peripheral and central nerve damage may occur.
GASTROINTESTINAL
0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Nausea, diffuse pain, and indigestion have been
reported in workers with prolonged exposure to
biphenyl.
HEPATIC
0.2.9.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Hepatic necrosis and liver atrophy have been reported
following long-term exposure.
GENITOURINARY
0.2.10.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Kidney injury may occur.
DERMATOLOGIC
0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Percutaneous absorption through intact skin has been
noted.
IMMUNOLOGIC
0.2.19.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o A possible allergic response producing local necrosis
following intradermal injection has occurred in guinea
pigs.
Laboratory:
o Monitor kidney and liver function.
Treatment Overview:
ORAL EXPOSURE
o DILUTION: Immediately dilute with 4 to 8 ounces (120 to
240 mL) of milk or water (not to exceed 4 ounces/120 mL
in a child).
o GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a
potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can
be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1
hour). Protect airway by placement in Trendelenburg and
left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal
intubation. Control any seizures first.
1. CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes
or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated
patients; following ingestion of corrosives;
hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at
risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and
trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
o ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry
(240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g
in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12
years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
INHALATION EXPOSURE
o INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for
respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing
develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation,
bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and
assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with
beta2 agonist and corticosteroid aerosols.
EYE EXPOSURE
o DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious
amounts of tepid water for at least 15 minutes. If
irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia
persist, the patient should be seen in a health care
facility.
DERMAL EXPOSURE
o DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash
exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A
physician may need to examine the area if irritation or
pain persists.
Range of Toxicity:
o TLV-TWA - 0.2 parts per million (1.5 milligrams/cubic
meter).
EMT Copyright Disclaimer:
Portions of the POISINDEX(R) database are provided
here for general reference. THE COMPLETE POISINDEX(R) DATABASE,
AVAILABLE FROM MICROMEDEX, SHOULD BE CONSULTED FOR ASSISTANCE IN THE
DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC CASES. Copyright 1974-1998
Micromedex, Inc. Denver, Colorado. All Rights Reserved. Any
duplication, replication or redistribution of all or part of the
POISINDEX(R) database is a violation of Micromedex' copyrights and is
strictly prohibited.
The following Overview, *** CARBONLESS COPY PAPER ***, is relevant
for this HSDB record chemical.
Life Support:
o This overview assumes that basic life support measures
have been instituted.
Clinical Effects:
SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o The most frequently reported complaints involve mucous
membrane irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat as
well as respiratory, neurologic, and dermatologic
effects. Most of the reactions reported are mild and
resolve when exposure is discontinued.
o There are also occasional reports of laryngeal edema,
shortness of breath, and pulmonary function
abnormalities.
HEENT
0.2.4.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose,
and throat have been reported.
o Hoarseness and laryngeal edema may occur.
RESPIRATORY
0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Dyspnea, cough, and shortness of breath may occur.
NEUROLOGIC
0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Headache and fatigue are frequent complaints.
GASTROINTESTINAL
0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Nausea has been reported.
DERMATOLOGIC
0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Pruritus, flushing, rash, urticaria, erythema, and
contact dermatitis have been reported.
REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS
o At the time of this review, no data were available to
assess the potential effects of exposure to this agent
during pregnancy or lactation.
CARCINOGENICITY
0.2.21.2 HUMAN OVERVIEW
o At the time of this review, no data were available to
assess the carcinogenic or mutagenic potential of this
agent.
OTHER
0.2.23.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o A sixfold increase in plasma histamine levels has been
reported after a challenge with alkylphenolnovolacresin.
o Elevation of plasma prostaglandin F2alpha and
thromboxane B2 have been reported.
Laboratory:
o If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression
is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and
pulmonary function tests.
o Monitor CBC, urinalysis, and kidney and liver function
tests for patients with significant exposure.
Treatment Overview:
SUMMARY EXPOSURE
o Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. There is no
specific antidote. Specific causative agents in
carbonless copy paper have not been identified in all
cases. Toxicities reported have occurred from handling
carbonless copy paper.
ORAL EXPOSURE
o Toxicity is primarily reported in patients chronically
exposed to fumes. Gastric decontamination is unlikely
to be necessary.
o A number of chemical agents produce an allergic
hypersensitivity dermatitis or asthma with bronchospasm
and wheezing with chronic exposure.
o Patients symptomatic following exposure should be
observed in a controlled setting until all signs and
symptoms have fully resolved.
o ALLERGIC REACTION: MILD: antihistamines with or
without epinephrine. SEVERE: oxygen, aggressive
airway management, antihistamines, epinephrine (ADULT:
0.3 to 0.5 mL of a 1:1000 solution subcutaneously;
CHILD: 0.01 mL/kg; may repeat in 20 to 30 min),
corticosteroids, ECG monitoring, and IV fluids.
INHALATION EXPOSURE
o INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for
respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing
develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation,
bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and
assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with
beta2 agonist and corticosteroid aerosols.
o If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory
depression is evident, monitor arterial blood gases,
chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests.
o If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment
with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
o PULMONARY EDEMA (NONCARDIOGENIC): Maintain ventilation
and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial
blood gas or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of
PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
EYE EXPOSURE
o DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious
amounts of tepid water for at least 15 minutes. If
irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia
persist, the patient should be seen in a health care
facility.
DERMAL EXPOSURE
o DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash
exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A
physician may need to examine the area if irritation or
pain persists.
Range of Toxicity:
o Minimum lethal human exposure is unknown.
o Exposure to a single sheet of carbonless copy paper may be
enough for a reaction to occur in susceptible individuals.
Animal Toxicity Studies:
Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:
WHEN ADMIN ORALLY TO RATS, THE LD50 VALUE OF ISOPROPYLDIPHENYL WAS 8.5
G/KG. WHEN ADMIN AT 800 MG/KG/DAY FOR 10-15 DAYS, ISOPROPYLDIPHENYL CAUSED
NEUTROPENIA, LYMPHOCYTOSIS, HYPOPROTEINEMIA, DYSTROPHY OF THE LIVER &
KIDNEYS, HYPERPLASIA IN THE SPLEEN, & HYPERTROPHY IN MYOCARDIAL FIBERS.
Inhalation of 20.8 mg/l by 10 rats for 1 hr at 18-20 deg C produced no
deaths. Grooming and slight depression were observed during and
immediately following exposure. Autopsy revealed no gross anomalies. /SURE
SOL 250, 5% di- and triisophenyl/
Inhalation of 0.99 g/cu m by 9 male and 9 female rats for 1 hr produced
no deaths in 14 days. /SURE SOL 250, 5% di- and triisophenyl/
Inhalation of 15.86 g/cu m by male and female rats for 1 hr resulted in
the death of 12/12 animals by the third day. Lungs and trachea showed
acute necrotizing tracheobronchitis, pulmonary congestion and
bronchopneumonia. /SURE SOL 250, 5% di- and triisophenyl/
In a 28-day pilot feeding study with rats using various concentrations,
there was no indication of adverse effects at levels as high as 0.1%. /Wemcol,
1% diisopropyl/
Non-Human Toxicity Values:
LD50 Rat oral 4.7 g/kg /SURE SOL 250, 6% di- and triisopropyl/
LD50 Rat Oral 8.5 g/kg /SURE SOL 250, 6% di- and triisopropyl/
Threshold hatching impairment flag fish > 0.47 ppm/21 day. /Wemcol, 5%
di- and triisopropyl/
TSCA Test Submissions:
Isopropylbiphenyl (SUN X-783-1) was examined for mutagenic activity in
Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98, TA100,
and in Saccharomyces cerevisiae D4 with and without metabolic activation
provided by Aroclor-induced rat liver S9 fraction. The test article was
not mutagenic when administered at concentrations from 0.001 to 5 ul/plate
in the plate incorporation assay, with or without activation. In a
preliminary toxicity test, toxic effects at 5 ul/plate were reported.
Isopropylbiphenyl (SUN X-489-17) was examined for mutagenic activity in
Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98, TA100
and in Saccharomyces cerevisiae D4 with and without metabolic activation
provided by Aroclor-induced rat liver S9 fraction. The test article was
not mutagenic when administered at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 5
ul/plate by the plate incorporation method, in the presence or absence of
activation. The investigators reported that isopropylbiphenyl was toxic to
cells at 5 ul/plate in a preliminary toxicity screen.
Isopropylbiphenyl (Sun Capacitor Oil X489-17E) was examined for
mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA1535, TA100,
TA1538, TA98, TA1537 and TA1978 with and without metabolic activation
provided by rat liver homogenate. The test article was not mutagenic when
1 to 10 ul/plate of an unspecified concentrated solution was administered
in the plate incorporation assay either with or without activation.
Additionally, 10 and 20 ul of the unspecified solution was not mutagenic
in spot tests without activation. The investigators reported that the
concentrated solution was not toxic to cells.
Acute oral toxicity was evaluated in groups of 5 (male and female)
SASCO rats administered single doses of undiluted isopropyl biphenyl by
oral gavage at levels of 2.00, 3.17, 5.024, 7.962 and 12.62 g/kg body
weight. Mortality was observed in 4 animals in the 5.024 g/kg dose group,
in 3 animals in the 7.962 g/kg dose group, and in all rats in the 12.62
g/kg dose group; the LD50 value was calculated to 5.26 g/kg with a
confidence interval of 3.93-7.04 g/kg by the method of C.S. Weil. Clinical
observations, between 1 and 72 hours, included piloerection, ptosis,
weakness, hypersensitivity, roughened pelage and emaciation. Gross
necropsy in animals that died revealed congestion of the lungs, liver,
kidneys, adrenal glands and gastrointestinal tract and hemorrhage in the
stomach. Gross necropsy observations of sacrificed animals were not
reported.
Acute oral toxicity was evaluated in groups of 1 male and 1 female New
Zealand albino rabbits administered single doses of undiluted
isopropylbiphenyl by oral gavage at levels of 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 g/kg body
weight. Mortality was observed in 1 animal in the 4.0 g/kg dose group, and
in all animals in the 8.0 g/kg dose group; the MLD (minimum lethal dose)
was calculated to be 4.00 g/kg. No abnormal clinical observations were
observed. Gross necropsy of animals which died showed severe hematuria,
chemical burns of the stomach mucosa and evidence of gastric hemorrhage.
Gross necropsy of sacrificed animals showed severe erosion of the stomach
mucosa.
Acute dermal toxicity was evaluated in groups of 2 New Zealand albino
rabbits (mixed sex) which received a single occluded application of
undiluted isopropylbiphenyl at a concentration of 1.0, 2.0 (2 groups
evaluated), 4.0, and 8.0 g/kg body weight. The test compound was held in
contact with the skin (both abraded and intact) for a period of 24 hours.
Mortality was observed in 25% of the animals in each dose group including
abraded and intact animals; the LD50 value was found to be greater than
8.0 g/kg. Clinical observations, which appeared within 24 hours, local
erythema of a severe nature in both the intact and abraded animals,
followed by desquamation, congestion in the lungs, hematuria, loss of
ventral hair, and severe loss of body fat. Gross necropsy of all animals
revealed no treatment-related symptoms.
Acute inhalation toxicity was evaluated in 5 male and 5 female SASCO
albino rats exposed to undiluted isopropyl biphenyl at a nominal
concentration of 4 mg/l for a 1 hour period. The test atmosphere was
generated by adding isopropyl biphenyl in mist form at a delivery flow
concentration of approximately 4 mg/l at a flow of 7 liters per minute.
Mortality was observed in 2 animals; an LC50 was not reported. Clinical
observations were not made during the exposure due to the heaviness of the
mist. Gross necropsy of animals which died showed advanced post-mortem
autolysis and severe lung congestion. Gross necropsy of some of the
animals sacrificed after 14 days showed slight (3), moderate (4), and
severe (1) congestion of the lungs.
Acute inhalation toxicity was evaluated in 10 Sprague-Dawley albino
rats exposed to isopropyl biphenyl at a nominal concentration of 1.67 mg/l
for a 1 hour period. The atmosphere was generated by passing aerosolized
isopropyl biphenyl through a glass nebulizer at an airflow of 10 l/min.
Mortality was not observed and LC50 value was not reported. Clinical
observations included inactivity after a 5 minute exposure period and for
the remaining 15 days, and a slight, reddish discharge around the eyes and
nose. Gross necropsy observations were not reported.
Isopropylbiphenyl (CAS # 25640-78-2) was evaluated for subchronic oral
toxicity in a 28-day feeding study with rats using various concentrations.
There was no indication of adverse effects at daily concentrations as high
as 1%. No further information was submitted.
Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:
Metabolism/Metabolites:
AN EXTENSIVE STUDY OF THE METABOLISM OF ISOPROPYLBIPHENYL IN SEVERAL
SPECIES, INCLUDING MAN, WAS ACCOMPLISHED BY EXTENSIVE USE OF GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY. THE COMPLEX METABOLITE SEQUENCES FOUND
WERE DIFFERENT FOR EACH SPECIES STUDIED (RAT, DOG, MONKEY, MAN).
METABOLITE PATTERNS IN EACH SPECIES WERE CONSISTENT WITH THE
PHARMACOLOGICAL & TOXICOLOGICAL PROPERTIES IN THAT SPECIES. METABOLITE
PATTERNS WERE A CONSEQUENCE OF SEQUENTIAL OXIDATION BEGINNING WITH
HYDROXYLATION OF THE ISO-PROPYL GROUP AT THE TERTIARY CARBON IN DOG & MAN
& AT BOTH THE TERTIARY & PRIMARY CARBON IN RAT & MONKEY.
RATS GIVEN (14)C-LABELED 4-ISOPROPYLBIPHENYL (25 MG/KG, ORALLY OR IP)
EXCRETED MORE (14)C IN FECES THAN IN URINE & RETAINED 12.1%-16.1% OF DOSE
IN THE CARCASS AFTER 48 HR. (14)C WAS OBSERVED IN ALL TISSUES EXAMINED AT
48 HR, BUT WAS UNUSUALLY HIGH ONLY IN FAT. THE MAIN METABOLITE IN PLASMA
WAS BIPHENYLPROPIONIC ACID, WITH SMALL AMOUNTS OF BIPHENYL-2-PROPANOL &
BIPHENYL-ALPHA-METHYL GLYCOLIC ACID. METABOLITES IN URINE & BILE WERE
MAINLY RING-HYDROXYLATED FORMS OF THE PLASMA METABOLITES, & ALL THE
PHENOLIC METABOLITES WERE CONJUGATED. ... INCUBATION OF
4-ISOPROPYLBIPHENYL WITH RAT LIVER 15,000 G SUPERNATANT YIELDED
BIPHENYL-2-PROPANOL & BIPHENYL-ALPHA-METHYL GLYCOLIC ACID.
Absorption, Distribution & Excretion:
RATS GIVEN (14)C-LABELED 4-ISOPROPYLBIPHENYL (25 MG/KG, ORALLY OR IP)
EXCRETED MORE (14)C IN FECES THAN IN URINE & RETAINED 12.1%-16.1% OF DOSE
IN THE CARCASS AFTER 48 HR. (14)C WAS OBSERVED IN ALL TISSUES EXAMINED AT
48 HR, BUT WAS UNUSUALLY HIGH ONLY IN FAT.
Pharmacology:
Environmental Fate & Exposure:
Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary:
Isopropylbiphenyl's production and use in carbonless-copy paper
systems, in heat transfer fluid, and as a replacement for PCBs in
capacitors may result in its release to the environment through various
waste streams. If released to the atmosphere, isopropylbiphenyl will exist
in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere based
on a measured vapor pressure of 5.0X10-4 mm Hg at 25 deg C. Vapor-phase
isopropylbiphenyl is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with
photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals with a half-life of about 40
hours. Particulate-phase isopropylbiphenyl may be physically removed from
the air by dry deposition. An estimated Koc of 16,000 suggests that
isopropylbiphenyl will be immobile in soil. Volatilization from moist soil
surfaces may occur based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.1X10-4
atm-cu m/mol, but not significantly from dry soil surfaces given
isopropylbiphenyl's vapor pressure. Based on limited data,
isopropylbiphenyl may aerobically biodegrade in soil and water. More than
80% of the added isopropylbiphenyl biodegraded within 48 hours using
sediment-water samples in the River Die-Away Test. In sewage sludge tests,
isopropylbiphenyl was biodegraded 60% in 24 hours and completely
biodegraded within one week. Isopropylbiphenyl may adsorb to suspended
matter in the water based on its estimated Koc value. This compound is
expected to volatilize from water surfaces given its estimated Henry's Law
constant. Estimated half-lives for a model river and model lake are 10
hours and 7 days, respectively. An estimated BCF value of 5300 suggests
that bioconcentration of isopropylbiphenyl will be very high in aquatic
organisms. Occupational exposure to isopropylbiphenyl may occur during its
production or use mainly as a heat transfer fluid. (SRC)
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 941
workers (44 of these are female) are potentially exposed to
isopropylbiphenyl in the USA(1).
Artificial Pollution Sources:
Isopropylbiphenyl's production and use in carbonless-copy paper
systems, in heat transfer fluid, and as a replacement for PCBs in
capacitors(1) may result in its release to the environment through various
waste streams(SRC).
Environmental Fate:
TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an
estimated Koc value of 16,000(SRC), determined from a measured log Kow(2)
and a recommended regression-derived equation(3), indicates that
isopropylbiphenyl will be immobile in soil(SRC). This compound may rapidly
biodegrade under aerobic conditions in soil(SRC). More than 80% of the
added isopropylbiphenyl biodegraded aerobically within 48 hours using
sediment-water samples in the River Die-Away Test(4). In sewage sludge
tests, isopropylbiphenyl was biodegraded 60% in 24 hours and completely
biodegraded within one week(4). Volatilization of isopropylbiphenyl may be
important from moist soil surfaces(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law
constant of 2.1X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), determined from experimental
values for vapor pressure(2) and water solubility(2), but should not be
significant from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based on an experimental vapor
pressure of 5X10-4 mm Hg(2).
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an
estimated Koc value of 16,000(SRC), determined from a measured log Kow(2)
and a recommended regression-derived equation(1), indicates that
isopropylbiphenyl should adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in
water(SRC). This compound should rapidly biodegrade under aerobic
conditions(SRC). More than 80% of the added isopropylbiphenyl biodegraded
aerobically within 48 hours using sediment-water samples in the River
Die-Away Test(3). In sewage sludge tests, isopropylbiphenyl was
biodegraded 60% in 24 hours and completely biodegraded within one week(3).
Isopropylbiphenyl may volatilize from water surfaces based on an estimated
Henry's Law constant of 2.1X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), determined from
experimental values for vapor pressure(2) and water solubility(2).
Estimated half-lives for a model river and model lake are 10 hours and 7
days, respectively(1,SRC). An estimated BCF value of 5300(1,SRC), from a
measured log Kow(2), suggests that isopropylbiphenyl will bioconcentrate
in aquatic organisms(SRC), according to a recommended classification
scheme(4).
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of
semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), isopropylbiphenyl,
which has a measured vapor pressure of 5X10-4 mm Hg at 25 deg C(2), will
exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere.
Vapor-phase isopropylbiphenyl is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction
with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for
this reaction in air is estimated to be about 40 hours(3,SRC).
Particulate-phase isopropylbiphenyl may be physically removed from the air
by dry deposition(SRC).
Environmental Biodegradation:
More than 80% of the added isopropylbiphenyl biodegraded aerobically
within 48 hr in a sediment-water sample using the River Die-Away Test(1).
In sewage sludge tests, isopropylbiphenyl was biodegraded 60% in 24 hours
and completely biodegraded within one week(1).
Environmental Abiotic Degradation:
The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of isopropylbiphenyl
with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as
9.7X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 deg C(SRC) using a structure estimation
method(1,SRC). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 40 hr
at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu
cm(1,SRC).
Environmental Bioconcentration:
An estimated BCF value of 5300 was calculated for isopropylbiphenyl(SRC),
using a measured log Kow of 5.20(1,SRC) and a recommended
regression-derived equation(2). According to a recommended classification
scheme(3), this BCF value suggests that bioconcentration in aquatic
organisms will be very high(SRC).
Flagfish exposed to 3.51 ppb for 28 days had a bioconcentration factor
of 2896 while the same fish exposed to 24.1 ppb for 28 days had a
bioconcentration factor of 10,790 /Wemcol, 1% diisopropyl/
Soil Adsorption/Mobility:
The Koc of isopropylbiphenyl is estimated as approximately 16000(SRC),
using a measured log Kow of 5.20(1) and a regression-derived
equation(2,SRC). According to a recommended classification scheme(3), this
estimated Koc value suggests that isopropylbiphenyl will be immobile in
soil(SRC).
Volatilization from Water/Soil:
The Henry's Law constant for isopropylbiphenyl is estimated as 2.1X10-4
atm-cu m/mole(SRC) from its experimental values for vapor pressure, 5X10-4
mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 0.6 mg/l(1). This value indicates that
isopropylbiphenyl will volatilize from water surfaces(2,SRC). Based on
this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river
(1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec) is estimated as
approximately 10 hours(2,SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model
lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec) is
estimated as approximately 7 days(3,SRC). Volatilization from moist soil
surfaces is likely given this compound's estimated Henry's Law
constant(1,SRC), but not from dry soil surfaces(SRC), based on
isopropylbiphenyl's measured vapor pressure(1).
In water: 0.046 mg/l @ 25 deg C, estimated by the method of Lyman et
al, (1982) /Wemcol mixture, 1% diisopropyl/
In water: 10 mg/l @ 25 deg C /Wemcol mixture, 1% diisopropylbiphenyls/
In water: 0.051 mg/l @ 18 deg C (measured) /Wemcol mixture, 1%
diisopropyl/
Boiling point: >233 deg C /CG mixture, 3-6% diisopropyl/
Weight = 8.2 lb/gal; specific heat = 0.47 cal/gm/C
Chemical Safety & Handling:
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
Mild irritant on abraded skin, slight irritant on intact skin. /SURE
SOL 250, 6% di- and triisopropyl/
Preventive Measures:
A closed process system is used for production which limits
occupational exposure. /SURE SOL 250, 6% di- and triisopropyl/
SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in
industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing
contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors
including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the
exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of
the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating
or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would
be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not
be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn
even when contact lenses are in place.
Disposal Methods:
SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial
(sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant
revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including
waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance
on acceptable disposal practices.
Occupational Exposure Standards:
Manufacturing/Use Information:
Major Uses:
In carbonless-copy paper systems, replaces PCBs in capacitors, heat
transfer fluid.
In high voltage capacitors
...As a veterinary medicine to control inflammation. Isopropylbiphenyl
improves wear properties and provides radiation resistance when used in
lubricants. It shows promise as a dye carrier for synthetic fibers and may
be used as an intermediate in the manufacture of dyes, drugs, and
pharmaceuticals. Isopropylbiphenyl is an excellent solvent.
PG and MPG formulations are used as solvents in the manufacture of
carbonless copy paper.
CG and SURE SOL 250 formulations are used as dielectric fluid in
capacitors as a PCB replacement.
Manufacturers:
Koch Industries, Inc, Hq, PO Box 2256, Wichita, KS 67201, (316)
832-5500; Subsidiary: Koch Refining Co, PO Box 2256, Wichita, KS 67201,
(316) 832-5259; Koch Specialties Group, division; Corpus Christi
Specialties Plant; Production site: Corpus Christi, TX 78403
PG: >or= 75% isopropyl, <or= 25% di- and tri- isomers.
MPG: >or= 72.5% isopropyl, <or= 27% di- and tri- isomers.
Wemcol: 98.9% isopropyl, 1% diisopropyl, triisopropyl not detected.
Laboratory Methods:
Analytic Laboratory Methods:
THE APPLICATION OF REVERSED-PHASE HIGH PERFORMANCE TLC WAS EVALUATED
FOR THE DETERMINATION OF OCTANOL-WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENTS OF ORGANIC
CHEMICALS, INCLUDING ISOPROPYLBIPHENYL. THE USE OF THE CHROMATOGRAPHIC
SYSTEM FOR SCREENING PURPOSES IN WORK ON ENVIRONMENTALLY SIGNIFICANT DATA
OF POSSIBLE ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IS DISCUSSED.
Special References:
Special Reports:
Krampl V et al; Sci Total Environ 101 (1-2): 135-8 (1991). A study of
occupational exposure to isopropylbiphenyls (Sure Sol-250). Environmental
and medical examinations in workers exposed to the isopropylbiphenyl (IPBs)
mixture, Sure Sol-250 in a capacitor manufacturing plant were carried out
once a year for three yr. ... Physical and laboratory examinations (blood
cell count, liver and kidney function tests and also antipyrine metabolism
were normal. ...
PG: >or= 75% isopropyl, <or= 25% di- and tri- isomers.
MPG: >or= 72.5% isopropyl, <or= 27% di- and tri- isomers.
Wemcol: 98.9% isopropyl, 1% diisopropyl, triisopropyl not detected.
Administrative Information:
Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 6160
Last Revision Date: 20020806
Last Review Date: Reviewed by SRP on 9/19/1996
Update History:
Complete Update on 08/06/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/14/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/09/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/15/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/08/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/02/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/27/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/03/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/10/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/03/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/17/1996, 34 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/31/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/12/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/01/1994, 11 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 03/29/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 01/12/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/24/1986